Bruce Chapman AO and is an Emeritus Professor of economics and has been employed at the Research School of Economics at the Australian National University since 1984 and has a PhD in economics from Yale University He is a labour market and education economist with more than 300 papers published in these areas, as well as producing jointly several books, and about 100 media articles on economic policy. He has considerable experience in public policy, including: the motivation and design of the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (the first national income contingent student loan (ICL) scheme in 1989 (ICL)); helping initiate the Working Nation program in 1994; as a senior economic advisor to Prime Minister Paul Keating, 1994-96; as a higher education financing consultant to the governments of around 15 countries with respect to student loan reforms, based on the HECS system. He has published extensively on a range of issues, including higher education financing, long-term unemployment, marital separation, the economics of cricket, domestic violence, and government as risk manager. Over the last decade or so he has researched and written many papers related to the application of ICL beyond higher education, including for: drought relief; agricultural sustainable investments; for R&D investments; the financing of legal aid; and the collection of low-level criminal fines. He was the recipient of the Economics Society of Australia Distinguished Economist award in 2015, and the Order of Australia for contributions to economic policy in 2020.